SOFTSKILL TYPE OF CLAUSES

TYPE OF CLAUSES

Independent clauses : contain both a subject and a verb and can stand alone as a sentence. Example: Jet lag affects most long travelers.

Dependent clauses : contain both a subject and a verb, but cannot stan alone as a sentence. Dependent clauses are introduced by subordinating conjunctions such as because, what, if Example: Although there is no sure way to prevent jet lag.

Dependent clauses can function as nouns, adjectives, and adverbs:

• Noun Clause – “The boy wondered if his parents bought him what he wanted for Christmas.” A noun clause can replace any noun in a sentence, functioning as a subject, object, or complement

• Adjective Clause (or relative clause) – “I listened to the song that you told me about.” An adjective clause describes a noun just like an adjective. Which song? The new song, the good song, the song that you told me about. Often called relative clauses, they’re either restrictive or nonrestrictive (also called defining and non-defining, essential and nonessential, or integrated and supplementary):
• Restrictive Clause – “The building that they built in San Francisco sold for a lot of money.” A restrictive clause begins with a relative pronoun like that or who (or sometimes which – see Which Versus That). It specifies or restricts the noun; in this case, it specifies which building the speaker is referring to. Note: the relative pronoun is often omitted (“The building (that) they built”), leaving what is called an elliptical clause or contact clause.
• Nonrestrictive Clause – “The building, which they built in San Francisco, sold for a lot of money.” A nonrestrictive clause begins with a relative pronoun like which or who. It adds extra information about an already-specific noun; in this case, there’s only one building to talk about, whereas the example for the restrictive clause implies that there could be several buildings.

• Adverb Clause – “I’ll do the laundry when I’m out of clothes.” Like all adverbials, adverb clauses express when, where, why, and how something occurs. A dependent clause is an adverb clause if you can replace it with an adverb, as in “I’ll do the laundry later.”

INDEPENDENT CLAUSES

Meaning	Coordinators	Conjunctive Adverbs	Example
To add an idea	and	in addition, furthermore, moreover, also	Women follow more healthful diets, and they go to doctors more often.
To show time or sequence		first, second, then, next, later, meanwhile, finally	First, robots can perform repetitive tasks without becoming tired or bored. Second, they can fulfill tasks requiring pinpoint accuracy.
To contrast	but yet	however, nevertheless, in contrast, on the other hand	Increasing the size of airports is one solution to traffic congestion; however, this is a long-term solution whose benefits may not be seen for many years into the future.
To show result	so	therefore, thus, consequently, as a result	Native and nonnative English speakers have different needs; therefore, most schools provide separate classes for each group.
To introduce an alternative	or	otherwise	Students must take final exams; otherwise, they receive a grade of incomplete.
To emphasize		in fact, of course, indeed, certainly	The little girl hated spiders; in fact, she was terrified by them.
To provide an example		for example, for instance	In the operating room, robotic equipment can assist the surgeon. For instance, a robot can kill a brain tumor.
To generalize or summarize		in general, overall, in short	Hermes is not only the messenger of Zeus, but the patron of thieves. In general, he is the god of authorized and unauthorized transfers.

Dependent Clauses

Types of clauses	Subordinators		Examples
1. Noun clauses	what, where, why, how, where, when, who whom, which, whose, whether, that,		He knows that his business will be successful. That there is a hole in the ozone layer of the earth’s atmosphere is well known.
2. Adjective clauses	who, whom, which, whose, that, where, when		Men who are not married are called bachelors. Last year we traveled to San Francisco, which is famous for its architecture.
3. Adverb clauses  a.      time b.      place c.       cause d.      purpose e.      result f.        condition g.      concession		when, before, after, until, since, as soon as where, wherever because, as, since so that, in order that so ... that, such ... that if, unless although, even though		When he won the money, he decided to buy a car. She drove wherever she wanted. She got a parking ticket because she parked illegally. He drove fast so that he could get to work on time. He drove so fast that he got a speeding ticket. If she hadn’t won the lottery, she would have been very unhappy. Although she thought she was a good driver, she got a lot of tickets for speeding.

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