SOFTSKILL TYPE OF CLAUSES

TYPE OF CLAUSES

Independent clauses : contain both a subject and a verb and can stand alone as a sentence. Example: Jet lag affects most long travelers.

Dependent clauses : contain both a subject and a verb, but cannot stan alone as a sentence. Dependent clauses are introduced by subordinating conjunctions such as because, what, if Example: Although there is no sure way to prevent jet lag.

Dependent clauses can function as nouns, adjectives, and adverbs:

• Noun Clause – “The boy wondered if his parents bought him what he wanted for Christmas.” A noun clause can replace any noun in a sentence, functioning as a subject, object, or complement

• Adjective Clause (or relative clause) – “I listened to the song that you told me about.” An adjective clause describes a noun just like an adjective. Which song? The new song, the good song, the song that you told me about. Often called relative clauses, they’re either restrictive or nonrestrictive (also called defining and non-defining, essential and nonessential, or integrated and supplementary):
• Restrictive Clause – “The building that they built in San Francisco sold for a lot of money.” A restrictive clause begins with a relative pronoun like that or who (or sometimes which – see Which Versus That). It specifies or restricts the noun; in this case, it specifies which building the speaker is referring to. Note: the relative pronoun is often omitted (“The building (that) they built”), leaving what is called an elliptical clause or contact clause.
• Nonrestrictive Clause – “The building, which they built in San Francisco, sold for a lot of money.” A nonrestrictive clause begins with a relative pronoun like which or who. It adds extra information about an already-specific noun; in this case, there’s only one building to talk about, whereas the example for the restrictive clause implies that there could be several buildings.

• Adverb Clause – “I’ll do the laundry when I’m out of clothes.” Like all adverbials, adverb clauses express when, where, why, and how something occurs. A dependent clause is an adverb clause if you can replace it with an adverb, as in “I’ll do the laundry later.”

INDEPENDENT CLAUSES

Meaning	Coordinators	Conjunctive Adverbs	Example
To add an idea	and	in addition, furthermore, moreover, also	Women follow more healthful diets, and they go to doctors more often.
To show time or sequence		first, second, then, next, later, meanwhile, finally	First, robots can perform repetitive tasks without becoming tired or bored. Second, they can fulfill tasks requiring pinpoint accuracy.
To contrast	but yet	however, nevertheless, in contrast, on the other hand	Increasing the size of airports is one solution to traffic congestion; however, this is a long-term solution whose benefits may not be seen for many years into the future.
To show result	so	therefore, thus, consequently, as a result	Native and nonnative English speakers have different needs; therefore, most schools provide separate classes for each group.
To introduce an alternative	or	otherwise	Students must take final exams; otherwise, they receive a grade of incomplete.
To emphasize		in fact, of course, indeed, certainly	The little girl hated spiders; in fact, she was terrified by them.
To provide an example		for example, for instance	In the operating room, robotic equipment can assist the surgeon. For instance, a robot can kill a brain tumor.
To generalize or summarize		in general, overall, in short	Hermes is not only the messenger of Zeus, but the patron of thieves. In general, he is the god of authorized and unauthorized transfers.

Dependent Clauses

Types of clauses	Subordinators		Examples
1. Noun clauses	what, where, why, how, where, when, who whom, which, whose, whether, that,		He knows that his business will be successful. That there is a hole in the ozone layer of the earth’s atmosphere is well known.
2. Adjective clauses	who, whom, which, whose, that, where, when		Men who are not married are called bachelors. Last year we traveled to San Francisco, which is famous for its architecture.
3. Adverb clauses  a.      time b.      place c.       cause d.      purpose e.      result f.        condition g.      concession		when, before, after, until, since, as soon as where, wherever because, as, since so that, in order that so ... that, such ... that if, unless although, even though		When he won the money, he decided to buy a car. She drove wherever she wanted. She got a parking ticket because she parked illegally. He drove fast so that he could get to work on time. He drove so fast that he got a speeding ticket. If she hadn’t won the lottery, she would have been very unhappy. Although she thought she was a good driver, she got a lot of tickets for speeding.

 NAMA : ALIFANI AMALIYAH

KELAS: 1EA09 (2EA01)

NPM:10211607

PRINCIPAL ECONOMICS ISSUES

 TULISAN 

 

Human needs are not limited

In living life, humans are exposed to a variety of economic issues. The problems arising from the human desire to survive. Survival can be maintained if their needs are met. In addition, the desire to live worthy cause diverse human needs and always increasing. As a result, human life needs to be unlimited.

1.1. Understanding Needs
Scarcity relates to the need. Necessity is everything needed humans in order to maintain viability in order to attain prosperous living standard. In principle, everyone's needs are different and continue to grow as you age. Human needs of the object or service can give satisfaction to the man himself, both physical satisfaction and spiritual satisfaction. In meeting their needs, human need fulfillment tool. The tools provided by nature or humans through the production process. Human efforts to meet their needs never end. Therefore, humans need to act rationally in order to achieve satisfactory subsistence.

1.2. Factors Affecting Human Needs
Why the need arise and continue to grow? The need arises because of the physical demands and / or psychic in order to live well. The need continues to grow because people have not satisfied the nature of subsistence. This situation resulted in the human need to be unlimited. Human presence in social life makes humans different from each other in meeting their needs. Why different human needs? Different human needs because it is influenced by the following factors.

a. Natural state (place)
Natural conditions resulted in a difference in meeting human needs. People who live in the polar regions, need thick clothes to withstand the cold. Another case with us who live in the tropics, which is thin enough to wear clothes. Therefore, it appears here that the state can encourage human nature to want the goods in accordance with natural conditions at the place in question.

b. Religion and Confidence
Teachings of different religions can lead to different needs. For example, adherents of Islam are forbidden to eat pork, while the Hindus forbidden to eat beef. This suggests that each religion requires tools specific needs that must be used in performing worship. Moreover in the case of religious celebrations, each religion or belief different, so the demand for products is also different. For example, on the eve of Eid-ul-Fitr, the need for Muslim clothing will rise sharply. By contrast, when the feast of Christmas, the Christians need a Christmas tree and Christmas gifts. Thus each religion or belief have different needs.

c. Mores
Customs and traditions prevailing in the society greatly affects people's living needs. The reason, a custom or tradition will affect both the behavior and the purpose of life of local communities.
As a result of different traditions will lead to different needs. For example, the marriage ceremony. The ceremony will vary between regions. Wedding ceremony in Central Java in West Sumatra will have different rituals, so that their needs will be different.

d. Levels Civilizations
The higher the civilization of a society more and more needs and the higher the quality or the quality of goods required. In the olden times, people still need a little. However, as the development of civilization, human needs more and more. Humans will try to meet their needs in order to achieve prosperity. First humans did not require a motorcycle, but a motorcycle now become a very important need, because it can minimize the time to destination. Besides the taste of modern human needs have also increased. Human demands high quality of the goods or services required. Thus proving that the development of civilization would lead to the need for developing and diverse.

In addition, the infinity of the necessities of life is influenced among other factors:
   1.  age level
   2.  level of education
    3. advances in science and technology
    4. income levels
   5.  population
   6.  socio-cultural environment
    7. promotion of certain products (advertising)
    8. geographical differences
    9. religion and confidence

1.3. Various Kinds of Human Needs
Human needs are unlimited and diverse it can be divided into some form of needs, namely the need based on intensity, shape and nature, a subject in need, fulfillment time, and his form. Survival can be maintained if people consume goods and services. This means that humans are able to meet their needs are diverse. In principle, the types of needs can be grouped as follows.
1.3.1. According to the needs of Intensity Uses

Grouping needs according to the level of usefulness (intensity) can be divided into primary needs, secondary needs, and tertiary needs.
a. Primary needs
Primers derived from the word primus, meaning first. The primary requirement is also called natural necessity because it is closely related to the needs of our human nature. Primary needs are the basic needs that must be met in order to live a decent human being. The primary requirement is also called basic needs. According to the International Labour Organization (ILO), the primary requirement is the minimum physical requirements relating to the adequacy of the principal every society, both rich and poor communities. Had primary needs are not met, human survival would be compromised. Examples of basic needs, such as eating, drinking, clothing, and shelter.

b. Secondary needs
Secondary needs are needs that are complementary basic needs (basic needs). Secondary needs can be met after basic needs are met. This requirement relates to aspects of the social environment, tradition, cultural, and psychological. Secondary needs of each person may vary. Examples of secondary needs, such as radio, home furnishings, education, bags, bikes, tables, chairs, stationery and sports equipment.

c. Tertiary needs
Tertiary needs are needs that can be met after the primary and secondary needs are met well. In general, tertiary needs done by people with high incomes, usually used to indicate social status (prestige), and synonymous with understated luxury. Examples of tertiary needs, among other requirements mansions, jewelry, diamonds, and luxury cars.

Primary needs of each person will be the same. Surely everyone would need a house for his residence. Eating for survival, drinking to relieve thirst, as well as clothing to keep the body from heat and cold. You will also need these items, do not you? As with the sekuder and tertiary needs. Every person has the secondary and tertiary needs different. Try, just watch in the neighborhood where you live. For low-income communities, the need for motorcycle into a luxurious necessity. However, in contrast to high-income earners. The need for a motorcycle to be a secondary requirement. Secondary needs can sometimes be a primary requirement for most people. However, there are some people who think sebutuhan as secondary tertiary needs. Difference is due to differences in the needs of socio-economic level.

1.3.2. According to the needs and Its Forms
Grouping of the necessities of life according to the form and nature can be divided into physical needs and spiritual needs.

a. Physical Needs
Physical needs are the needs required by the physical or human bodies in order to live a decent and good. Closely related to the physical needs of physical needs, such as health or appearance. Fulfillment of material needs to be done if the condition of the body fit or healthy. This requirement relates to the fulfillment of needs is immaterial. Examples of physical needs, such as food and beverage needs, clothes, sports equipment to support the health of body or bodies, and so on.

b. Spiritual Needs
Spiritual needs are needs that can give satisfaction to the soul, spiritual, and feelings. Spiritual needs related to human efforts to obtain inner satisfaction. This need arises due to feelings of encouragement, ethics, and one's mind to obtain satisfaction. If the spiritual needs of people are met, then people would feel happy, safe, peaceful, and entertained. Examples of spiritual needs, among other things will need attention from parents, recreational attractions, well-run religion, and so on.

1.3.3. According to the needs of Subjects in Need
Grouping subjects according to the necessities of life that need to be divided into individual requirements and needs of the group.

a. Individual Needs
Individual needs is useful necessity for fulfillment or gratification of a person's individual needs (personal). Individual needs is tantamount to individual needs. Individual needs (individual) is defined desired needs of everyone. Meeting these needs will vary from one person to another person. It is influenced by the desires, hobbies, occupation, social status, or education. Examples of individual needs, among other things a student will need textbooks or fishermen will need boats and nets.
b. The group needs

The group needs is useful necessity for common needs or crowds. Group needs is tantamount to collective needs. Collective needs are needs that are closely related to welfare, order, safety, beauty, and prosperity of society. Availability of these needs can be met by non-government community or provided by the government. Examples of collective needs / group, needs uniforms for the choir or sports team, a highway for road users, and the market for the sale and purchase of goods for the community.

1.3.4. According to Time Fulfillment Needs
Grouping according to the necessities of life fulfillment time can be divided into the needs of present and future needs.

a. Needs Now
Needs now is a need for urgent and can not be postponed. Now needs to be met at the present time and can not be postponed. This requirement is urgent because the impact on survival. If the delayed fulfillment of this requirement, it would likely result in a loss or disaster. Examples of current needs, among other needs medicine for the sick, the need for fire services at the time of the fire, and so on.

b. Needs for the Future / The Future
Future needs is the need of the fulfillment of which can still be suspended in the future or can be prepared from now, without disturbing your current needs. Needs of the future (future) relating to the fulfillment of the needs of the future. A person can prepare the order fulfillment needs in the future to reach satisfaction. Examples of future needs, such as saving for the cost of continuing education or saving to buy a house.

1.3.5. Based on the needs of Being
Based on his form, needs to be divided into material needs and spiritual needs.

1) The need for material
Material needs are the needs in the form of tools that can be touched, seen, and has the form. Tangible and intangible material needs can be enjoyed immediately. Examples: eating rice can sense pleasures, drinking water can eliminate hunger and very comfortable house for shelter.

2) The need for spiritual
Spiritual needs are the needs associated with intangible objects. This requirement can not be touched, seen, and shaped but can be felt in the heart. Example: Muslims pray at the mosque, Christians worship in churches, Buddhists pray in temples and Hindus pray at the temple.

1.4. Human Fulfillment Tool / Equipment Needs quencher
Human needs are unlimited which can be fulfilled by means of satisfying the requirement. Means of satisfying the requirement is something that can be used to meet human needs. Can be a means of satisfying the needs of goods and services. Goods are tangible fulfillment tool (can be seen), for example, food, clothing, shoes, bags, books, and so on. While the service is a means of satisfying the needs of the intangible (can not be seen), eg services of a doctor, teacher, parking, and so on. Means of satisfying the needs can be grouped based on scarcity, purpose of use, relationships with other objects, in terms of the guarantee, and the process of making. Here are the types of means of satisfying the requirement.

1.4.1. Equipment Needs Based Scarcity quencher
Grouping means of satisfying their needs based on their availability can be divided into an economic good, free objects, and objects illith.

a. Economic goods
Economic goods are items needed are limited but demand a lot, so to get the necessary sacrifices. Sacrifice is usually issued in the form of money (to buy) or future. Examples of economic goods such as food, drinks, televisions, clothing, and so on.

b. Free stuff
Free goods is a means of satisfying the needs of the abundant amount and not have to sacrifice to get it. Therefore, available in large quantities, one can take it away freely. Examples of free goods such as water in a river or in the sea, the air around us, the ice in the polar regions, in the desert sand, and sun. Everything that can be obtained for free.

c. Goods Illith
Illith goods are objects so that excessive amounts can be harmful and disastrous. Therefore, their use needs to be reduced. Examples of water, if in very small amounts can be useful for human life, but when excessive amounts may cause flooding. Another example of fire, if the fire is small use can be used for cooking or lighting, but when the big fire can be disastrous fire.

1.4.2. Equipment Needs Based quencher Purpose
Grouping tool needs based on their intended use can be divided into objects of production and consumption objects.

a. Consumer Goods
Consumer goods are goods that can directly be used to meet human needs. Consumption goods can be directly consumed by humans in order to make ends meet. Consumer goods also called ready-made goods because the benefits can be felt consumers. Examples of consumption include: rice, textbooks, television, radio, computer.

b. Production of goods
Production goods are goods used in the production process to produce goods of human needs. Goods production also called capital goods. Examples include the production of goods: machines can be used breeder hatching eggs to hatch chickens or ducks. Rice Mill machine / grinder rice, which is used to grind rice into rice and rice bran.

1.4.3. Goods Based Production Process
Grouping tool needs based on the manufacturing process can be divided into raw materials, semi-finished and finished goods.

a. Crude goods
Raw materials (raw material) are goods used as raw materials or raw material for processing into semi-finished goods or finished goods. The use of high-value goods if it has been processed first. Examples of raw materials such as cotton, rubber, sheep leather, wood, and rice. These materials still require further processing when we need it.

b. Intermediate Goods
Intermediate goods are items that still require the production process to be used as a ready-made or finished material. In order to high-value, semi-finished goods to be reprocessed. Examples of semi-finished goods, such as yarn to make fabric, fabric to form clothing, leather for making bags, and so on.

c. Finished Goods
Finished goods are goods which are ready for use and is the final result of the production. Finished goods have to undergo a series of production processes so as to create production ready to be consumed to make ends meet. Examples of finished goods, such as clothing, footwear, vehicles, and electronic equipment.

1.4.4. Equipment Requirements Based on Facet collateral quencher
Based on the terms of the loan guarantees, equipment needs can be divided into movable and immovable objects.

a. Moving objects
Objects that can be moved around the place and can be used as collateral to get short-term loans (duration less than 1 year) called moving objects. Examples include moving objects: cars, jewelry, and electronic items.

b. Objects don’t move
Objects can’t be moved around the place and can be used as collateral to obtain long-term loans called object is not moving. Examples of immovable property such as land and buildings.

1.4.5. Relationships According goods with other goods
Grouping tool in conjunction with the needs of other items are described as follows.

a. Substitute Goods
Substitutes (substitutes) is used to replace the function of other goods. This item is interchangeable with other items. For example, gas replace kerosene as fuel, replacing the busway private car as a means of transportation to reduce traffic congestion, and sago replace rice as a staple food.

b. Goods Komplementar
Complementary goods (complementary) is useful when used in conjunction with other goods. The goods will have a high use value if it is used together with other goods. For example, if the car can run with gas, pens with ink, bread will be more delicious if spread with jam, tea with sugar, television shows can be watched if there is a station transmitter, and a phone with a simcard.

2. Resource Scarcity Economy
Look at the environment around where you live! Through observation you can see people trying to make ends meet by any means. Although not all of their needs are met, people continue to try to achieve satisfaction. Ketidakterpenuhinya necessities of life may be due to limited economic resources. In economics, it describes the condition of scarcity.

2.1. Definition of Scarcity
What occurred in your minds when they hear the term scarcity? Is the loss of soybean in the market? Or is the kerosene or LPG which suddenly disappeared in the market so it makes a lot ibu-ibu/bapak-bapak have to queue up at distributors kerosene or LPG? The two examples above illustrate the form of scarcity. Humans in meeting their needs there is never satisfied. Human needs are diverse and constantly there. Day by day more and more people need a good amount, quality, and tone. Of increase was not proportional to the available resources. Therefore, there will be some people who do not get the desired means of satisfying needs, either because it is not able to issue the required sacrifices (costs not covered) or because the item is out of stock. The above conditions can be referred to as scarcity. So scarcity can mean the situation or circumstances in which the amount of available resources is lacking or insufficient to meet human needs. Scarcity does not mean everything that used to make ends meet is difficult to obtain. Dearth (scarcity) is defined gap between the limited economic resources with an unlimited number of needs. Scarcity arises because human needs continue to grow. As a result, existing resources are not enough to make ends meet. This situation encourages people to make choices among various akternatif most profitable. In addition, people should be wise and rational in allocating economic resources. According to economics, scarcity has two meanings, namely:

a. limited, in the sense that not enough compared to the number of human needs.

b. limited, in the sense that human beings have to make sacrifices to get it.
2.2. Factors that Lead to Scarcity

Why do I have a problem of scarcity in people's lives? Resource scarcity experienced by every person, nation, and state. Although the conditions are different, the same basic economic problem, namely how humans meet the diverse needs of life are faced with the availability of a limited tool needs. Problems arise due to the scarcity of the following factors.

2.2.1. Lack of Resources
The natural environment provides abundant resources for the fulfillment of human needs. Natural resources can be classified into a resource that can be updated and can not be updated. However, the amount of resources will be increasingly berkutang due to the greedy nature of man.

2.2.2. Geographical differences
Geographical location of different causes resource distribution is uneven. There are areas where the land is fertile and rich in minerals. There are also areas barren and lack of clean water. The geographic differences can lead to resource scarcity.

2.2.3. Population Growth imbalance
According to Thomas Robert Malthus, demographers and political economy of the UK, the rate of population growth is faster than the rate of production growth. Rapid population growth is not followed with production. As a result, the production can not meet the diverse needs of human life.

2.2.4. Low Production Capability
Availability of equipment needs can be met if there is a person or entity who undertakes the production. Production capabilities affect the availability of goods and services as a means of fulfillment. Limited production capability would result in lower production capacity. It can menimpulkan ketidakterpenuhinya human needs. Production limitations caused by the low capacity of human resources used in the production process.

2.2.5. The slow development of technology
The technology used in the production process manufacturers are not comparable with the population growth. Manufacturers need time to implement the new production technology, while the growing needs of human life. The slow pace of development and application of technology lead unfulfilled human needs.
2.2.6. Natural Disaster
Natural disasters are natural factors that could affect subsistence. Natural disasters can cause damage to the environment and therefore contributes to human survival. Examples floods could hamper the distribution of goods and services. Keterlembatan this will cause people can not immediately consume goods and services.

2.3. Limitations of Economic Resources

Scarcity can occur if the available resources are limited while demand is not limited in number. Human needs will continue to grow in line with population growth. Although people try to reproduce a tool or item to make ends meet, but the resources and means of production are limited in number.

Limitations of existing resources can be proved from the following example.

2.3.1. Limitations of Natural Resources
Natural resources are resources that exist in nature and can be used to meet human needs. The existence of natural resources are also limited. Limitations can be seen from a few examples of these resources.

a. Water
Humans use water, especially clean water for drinking, bathing, washing clothes, washing dishes, and so on. In the big cities to get clean water is very difficult. They have to buy water from PAM (water company). This suggests that water availability is very limited.

b. Forest
Forests are a natural resource of great importance. First forest in Indonesia being the world's lungs. In addition, the results of the forest such as rattan, resin, and wood can be utilized to meet the needs of human beings. Forests can also be used as a water catchment so as to prevent flooding. But now its existence is very worrying. It is because many people who cut down trees in the forest without noticing its preservation so that today many hutanhutan bare. You must know whether the result of deforestation? Yes, one of which can cause flooding. In addition, forest resources that can be utilized by humans to meet the needs of increasingly reduced in number.

2.3.2. Limitations of Human Resources
Human resources are also limited existence. That is the quality of human resources and has good morals are few in number. Quality of human resources in Indonesia when compared to the quality of human resources in developed countries are still far behind. The ability to process existing resources is still low. So that goods are produced is still low anyway both quantity and quality. This suggests that the quality of human resources are limited.

2.3.3. Capital Resource Limitations
Capital resources may be machines, raw materials or other equipment. Evidenced by the limited sources of capital equipment used in the production of still using low-tech machines. This can affect the continuity of the production process of goods.

2.3.4. Enterprise Resource Limitations
Entrepreneurial resource is a resource that is able to combine the natural resources, human resources, and capital resources. People who have an entrepreneurial spirit are still few in number. Therefore at least one who is able to bring together existing resources can affect the amount of production. So that it can affect the existence of means of satisfying the needs in the community. Limitations on the resources if used to meet needs that are not limited to cause scarcity of means of satisfying the requirement. Shortages can be caused by the following factors.

    Population growth is not balanced by the growth of production.
   1. Availability of natural resources are limited.
   2. Limited human capabilities.
   3. Greedy nature of humans.

NAMA : ALIFANI AMALIYAH

KELAS : 1EA09 (2EA01)

NPM : 10211607